Introduction: Testicular biopsy is an useful method in infertility diagnosis and predicting prognosis, especially m patients With azosperrma and normal level of serum FSH that primary evaluating procedures can't differentiate spermatogenesis defect from obstructive one. If the etiology of infertility is an obstructive lesion the prognosis is often good and usually curable, by surgery. The purpose of this study was to evauate various histopathologic changes in incisional testicular biopsies of the infertile men in order to predict frequency of different tissue morphologies and especially interpreter these histopathologic changes for better understanding the diverse etiology of infertility.Material and method: In this clinicolaboratory study performed in Anatomic pathology department of mashhad Emam Reza hospital, Testicular biopsies of 120 Infertile men were histopathologically reevaluated and reclassified applying newly introduced criteria.Clinical data such as age, disease history, associated disorders and results of spermogram were gathered in designed forms. Final data were processed by descriptive statistical method and frequency distribution tables.Results: Median age of the patients was 27 years and duration of infertility 2 to 15 years. 84% of patients had azospermia in seminal fluid analysis and 16% sever oligospermia. In 16 cases Bilateral testicular biopsy was performed in wich 18.7% of them morphological features, in testicles were different from eachother.Morphologic patterns were as follows: 15% normal spermatogensis, 30.9% sertoli cell only syndrome, 17.5% complete & incomplete maturation arrest, 14.2% tubular atrophy, 14.2% hypospermatogenesis and 8.4% mixed atrophy.Conclusion: The most and least common histopathologic pictures in testicular biopsies of the infertile men observed in this study were Germ cell aplasia and Focal tubular atrophy respectively.Diverse diseases and etiologies could be associated with any of the histopathologic pictures so that it merits a logic interpretation of these HISTOLOGIC changes in regard to clinical findings to specify the true cause(s) of the infertility.

INTRODUCTION: Due to the introduction of fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology to the routine clinical preoperative examination, surgical pathologists are faced with thyroid gland specimens with FNA-induced secondary changes. These changes can cause diagnostic difficulties and be a source of incorrect diagnosis. This study investigates worrisome HISTOLOGIC alterations following FNA of thyroid (WHAFFT).METHODS: This study was performed on the samples of thyroid resection over a 2-year period. 142 cases in two groups one with history of previous FNA and another without FNA were selected. The HISTOLOGIC sections of these cases were studied for WHAFFT lesions.RESULTS: WHAFFT lesions were present in 40.8% of cases with history of previous FNA. Acute and chronic lesions were seen in 22 and 36 cases, respectively. The common lesions were hemorrhage and fibrosis. Atypical changes, like nuclear atypical, vascular changes, capsular pseudo invasion and metaphase were present in 28 (48.2%) of cases. Worrisome HISTOLOGIC changes were seen in 4.2% of the control group.DISCUSSION: Considering the large number of FNA and reduction in the number of thyroid excisions the advantages of FNA are manifold, as compared with few diagnostic problems of WHAFFT lesions. Misdiagnosis can be avoided with awareness of WHAFFT lesions.

Introduction: In direct pup capping, the exposed pulp is directly capped with a capping material to provoke a dentinal bridge formation to seal the exposed area.The aim of this study was to evaluate the pulpal response to MTA and capsaicin in cats.Methods: The sample for this experimental study consisted of 24 canines of cats, weighed approximately 3-4 kg. After sedation, the teeth were cut and exposed at 3mm above cementoenamel junction, then divided into two groups: 1) direct pulp capping with MTA 2) direct pulp capping with Capsaicin. The cavities were filled with glass ionomer cement (Fuji IX). The cats were sacrificed in the first, second, and fourth weeks 4 canine teeth were extracted for the purpose of HISTOLOGIC analysis.6Serial sections were cut parallel to the longitudinal axis of the canines. The sections were stained with hematoxylin & eosin, and were observed and analyzed using a light microscope.Results: In both groups treated with MTA and capsaicin, the inflammation decreased during weeks 1, 2, and 4. Less inflammation was seen in MTA group but there was no statistical difference between the two groups (p=0.22). In the group treated with capsaicin, necrosis was observed in every 12 samples, but in the other group treated with MTA, only 1 pulp necrosis was seen in the first week (p=0.000). There was no significant difference in dentinal barrier formation, inflammatory response, and soft tissue changes between the two groups.Conclusions: The results of this study showed that capsaicin can decrease the severity of inflammation, but it is ineffective in dentinal barrier formation.

Introduction: Direct pulp capping (DPC) is coverage of exposed pulp by a biocompatible material after traumatic or carious exposure. The purpose of this procedure is to seal against bacterial leakage, stimulate dentinal baITier formation, and maintain the vitality of pulp. Several factors contribute to the consequence of this treatment such as material and the procedural technique. The aim of this study was to HISTOLOGICal EVALUATION of three treatment methods (Laser+MT A, Laser+Ca (OH)2 and MTA alone) in direct pulp capping of cat's canines.Materials and Methods: Thirty six canine teeth of 9 cats were selected for this experimental study. After anesthesia, the teeth were exposed under isolated condition. The teeth were randomly divided into three treatment groups. In group I, the pulp exposures were covered by Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) alone. In group II, the pulps after treating with Er:YAG laser, were covered by MTA. In group HI, treating with laser and covering with Ca(OH)2 was performed. All cavities were filled by Amalgam after DPC. After 4 months, the animals were sacrificed and block sections were prepared. Then, the specimens were HISTOLOGICally evaluated according to the scores that designed by a pathologist. The data was analyzed by Mann- Whitney and Chi-square tests with significant level of 95%.Results: Dentinal barrier was formed in all groups. Laser+MTA group showed nearly similar results to other groups in dentinal barrier formation, type and intensity of inflammatory responses and soft tissue changes (p>0.05).Conclusion: Although Laser+MTA had slightly better effects, but this difference was not statistically significant. Based on this study, it seems that laser treatment has no effect on outcome of DPC.

Introduction: The success rate of implantation in augmented ridges depends on the quality of regenerated bone. HISTOLOGIC studies are needed to stablish bone formation in these techniques. This study was performed to compare HISTOLOGIC features of regenerated bone in Distraction osteogenesis and autogenous bone graft in ridge augmentation.Materials & Methods: This pilot study was done in mandiubular dental pads of sheep. Distraction osteogenesis was performed on one side and the other side was augmented using autogenous bone graft. Posterior pad in each side was used as control. After 8 weeks, reentries were performed and sheep were sacrificed. Bone tissue samples of each area were prepared for HISTOLOGIC EVALUATION and comparison.Results: In control area, only normal bone tissue was observed and there was no evidence of fibrous or cartilage tissue. Bone trabecules in lamellar form were accompained with resting zones with less inactive fibrous tissue. There was moderate to severe chronic inflammation. In distraction zone, mature woven and lamellar bone was observed in some vascular and cellular stroma containing collagen fibers and blood vessels. There was less inflammation. In some area there was some cartilage.Conclusion: In spite of some advantages for autogeuous bone graft, Due to its complications, technical difficulties, bone resorption and unfavourable HISTOLOGIC features compared with distraction, distraction osteogenesis technique could be used for ridge augmentation.

The aim of the present study was the HISTOLOGICal EVALUATION of Enamel Matrix Derivative (EMD) effectiveness for regeneration of periodontal defects. EMD activates cementum synthesis, PDL and bone during the maturation stage of follicole. In this research, EMD was used in surgical defects of premolar teeth in four adult sheep. Muccoperiosteal flap was reflected in buccal site of teeth. The buccal bone plate was removed from mesial to distal in 4 mm depth. After eliminating the cementum by bur and its etching, EMD was applied on exposed dentine and flap was sutured. In opposite sites of those teeth (control sites) the same process was performed without etching. After 100 days, sheep were sacrificed and HISTOLOGICal study through light microscopic was performed on black sections of operation sites. The results showed that in test sites, regeneration of cementum and bone was 62/5% and 42/5-50% respectively. But in control sites regeneration of cementum and bone was 37.5% and 32/5-42/5% respectively. Also the migration of junctional epithelium in control sites was 8-10% more than test sites. The important point is that in test sites, cementum was completely attached to undermining dentine. But, in control sites, the gap between cementum and dentine was visible. As a result, this study suggests that EMD promotes periodontal regeneration, and EMD application is a successful achievement in regenerative periodontal therapy.

Introduction: Available evidence suggests that the response of the intervened tissue is directly linked to the effects generated by the cutting instrument used. To determine the HISTOLOGICal findings in gingival tissue margins excised through gingivectomies performed using 450 nm, 940 nm, and 980 nm diode lasers. The present study aimed to determine the HISTOLOGICal findings in gingival tissue margins excised through gingivectomies performed using 450 nm, 940 nm, and 980 nm diode lasers. Methods: Gingival tissue samples were collected from 30 patients who had undergone gingivectomy procedures. Each study group comprised 10 patients who willingly provided their samples after providing informed consent. The visualization of HISTOLOGICal findings was facilitated through Hematoxylin-Eosin staining. Additionally, variables related to pain and hemostasis were assessed during the intraoperative period. Results: The incision quality was categorized as irregular across all three wavelengths. HISTOLOGICal examination of the epithelial tissue revealed the absence of carbonization and the preservation of cell morphology in over 50% of the resection margin in samples obtained with the 450 nm and 940 nm wavelengths. In the connective tissue, observations included carbonization, collagen coagulation, and basophilia, with the 980 nm wavelength demonstrating the highest percentage of samples displaying collagen coagulation in more than 50% of the resection margin. Conversely, the 450 nm wavelength exhibited the highest degree of preservation of the fibroblast structure. Conclusion: Based on a comprehensive analysis of the study results, it can be inferred that the 450nm and 940nm wavelength lasers tend to produce less thermal damage and better cell preservation when compared to the 980nm wavelength.